Course Descriptions

BIO 100IN - Biology Concepts

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Perform activities to demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of communication, critical thinking and mathematics.
2. Describe characteristics of living organisms that distinguish them from non-living constituents of the biosphere.
3. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions and discuss its strengths and limitations.
4. Describe and explain the properties and roles of biologically important molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
5. Describe the structure and function of cells and cellular components in single and multicellular organisms.
6. Describe how energy is acquired and used by living organisms.
7. Describe how traits are inherited and apply patterns of inheritance.
8. Explain the molecular biology of genes and their expression.
9. Describe potential impacts of genetic technologies on society.
10. Explain possible origins of life on Earth and mechanism(s) of evolution that help us account for the amazing diversity of life we now find on our plant.
11. Explain how the flow of energy through an ecosystem influences its structure.
12. Describe how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
13. Apply biological and ecological principles to discuss current issues in human health, and human impact on the environment.

1. The Nature and Science of Biology
   1. Characteristics of living things
   2. Scientific processes
2. The Chemical and Cellular Basis of Life
   1. Fundamentals of general and organic chemistry
   2. Cellular structure and function
   3. Energy pathways
3. Principles of Inheritance
   1. Cellular life cycles
   2. Patterns of inheritance
4. Molecular Biology
   1. DNA structure and function
   2. Genetic technologies and society
5. Evolution and Diversity of Life
   1. Principles of evolution
   2. Diversity of life
   3. Organismal structure and function
6. Principles of Ecology
7. Current Issues in Biology

BIO 105IN - Environmental Biology

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Describe ecological principles of how the Earth functions.
2. Apply ecological principles and the human impact on the environment.
3. Evaluate scientific basis of environmental issues.
4. Describe possible causes and analyze potential solutions to current environmental issues.
5. Demonstrate skills necessary for life-long learning, critical examination, and personal decisions relative to environmental biology.
6. Perform activities to demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of oral communication, written communication, and critical thinking.

1. Environmental Biology
   1. Science
   2. Scientific method
2. How the Earth Works
   1. Plate tectonics
   2. Climate and biomes
   3. Ecology
      1. Ecosystem components
      2. Energy flow and biogeochemical cycling
      3. Natural selection and evolution
      4. Population and community ecology
3. Humans on Earth
   1. History
   2. Population
   3. Economics and politics
4. Human Impacts
   1. Biodiversity
      1. Description and importance
      2. Impacts upon and management
   2. Water
      1. Resources
      2. Uses and management
   3. Land
      1. Soil
      2. Food
      3. Land and waste management
   4. Air
      1. Air pollution
      2. Energy use, impacts, and conservation
   5. Global Climate Impacts
      1. Global climate change
      2. Ozone depletion
      3. Acid deposition

BIO 108IN - Plants, People and Society

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Discuss the principles of botany.
2. Describe the characteristics of plants, plant reproduction, how plants function, and basic plant physiology.
3. Discuss societal and global significance of different agricultural practices, origins of agriculture and plant domestication, fundamental techniques of genetic engineering, and how these are used in plant biology concentrating on the major plant families used by humans.
4. Discuss human uses of plants.
5. Describe fundamental principles of human nutrition and nutrients supplied by plants.
6. Discuss and give examples of medicinal and other uses of plants.
7. Discuss societal and global perspectives on human uses of plants.
8. Discuss plant ecology.
9. Describe the role of plants in food chains and food webs.
10. Define sustainable harvest and describe how it can be achieved.
11. Explain the role of plants in the global carbon cycle and in global warming.
12. Identify possible careers in botany and ethnobotany.
13. Apply the Scientific Method.
14. Collect and use data to evaluate a hypothesis.

1. Principles of Botany
   1. Scientific method
   2. Characteristics of the plant body
   3. Plant reproduction
   4. Plant physiology
2. Agricultural Practices
   1. Origins of agriculture and plant domestication
   2. Major plant families used by people
   3. Modern agricultural practices
   4. Agricultural biotechnology and genetic engineering
3. Human Uses of Plants
   1. Plants as food
   2. Other uses of plants
   3. Societal perspectives on plants
   4. Global food supply and the next green revolution
4. Plant Ecology
   1. Food chains and food webs
   2. Sustainability
   3. Role of plants in global carbon cycle and global warming
   4. Effects of global climate change on plants
5. Careers in Plant Science
   1. Agricultural
   2. Scientific
   3. Ethnobotany

BIO 109IN - Natural History of the Southwest

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Apply basic geological principles to interpret the physical setting of the Southwest.
2. Apply meteorological and biological principles to describe the formation of the major biotic communities in the Southwest.
3. Describe major desert adaptations and the process of natural selection.
4. Identify common plants and animals of the Southwest.
5. Integrate basic biological principles and specific natural history information and distinguish the common plants and animals of the Southwest.
6. Demonstrate skills necessary for life-long learning of natural history including conducting scientific research.

1. Science
2. Physical Geography of the Southwest
   1. Formation

1. Geological principles
2. Geological history of the southwest
   1. Climate
3. Biotic Communities of the Southwest
   1. The four deserts
   2. Other biotic communities
4. Desert Adaptations
   1. Natural selection as a mechanism
   2. Plants
   3. Animals
5. Common Plants and Animals
   1. Interrelationships
   2. Identification and natural history

1. Plants
2. Invertebrates
3. Fish, amphibians, reptiles
4. Birds
5. Mammals

BIO 115IN - Wildlife of North America

4 Credits, 6 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 3 lab periods

Introduction to the mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and selected invertebrates of North America. Includes habitats, wildlife interrelationships, population dynamics, and discussion of national, state, and private wildlife agencies. Also includes a laboratory emphasis on native Arizona species.

Gen-Ed: Meets AGEC - SCI; Meets CTE - M&S.

1. Recognize and classify North American plant and animal species.
2. Describe adaptations found in North American wildlife.

1. Describe diversity and origins of wildlife in North America.
2. Explain the importance of habitat to wildlife.
3. Describe how wildlife have adapted to various habitat types and each other.
4. Describe how and why wildlife populations change over time.
5. Discuss the role of various wildlife agencies and legislation in wildlife management.
6. Apply wildlife principles to interpret personal observations of wildlife.
7. Demonstrate skills necessary for life-long learning and making personal decisions relative to wildlife biology and management.

1. Science
2. Wildlife Diversity
   1. Select invertebrates
   2. Vertebrates
3. Wildlife Origins
   1. Natural selection and evolution
   2. Immigrations and introductions
4. Habitat
   1. Components
   2. Utilization by wildlife
5. Adaptations
   1. General principles
   2. Selected biomes
6. Wildlife Interrelationships
   1. Mutualism
   2. Competition
   3. Predation and parasitism

1. Population Dynamics
   1. Reproductive strategies
   2. Types of population growth and regulation

VII. Wildlife Management

1. Principles
2. Agencies and legislation

BIO 121IN - Human Biology and Evolution

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Demonstrate basic scientific literacy.        
2. Explain fundamental principles of molecular biology.         
3. Explain fundamental principles of evolutionary biology.      
4. Describe what is known about human evolution.
5. Apply principles of molecular and evolutionary biology to the study of human morphology.
6. Apply principles of molecular and evolutionary biology to the study of human behavior.
7. Apply principles of molecular and evolutionary biology to the study of human health.
8. Examine current topics of societal interest through the lens of human evolutionary biology.

1. Demonstrate Basic Scientific Literacy
   1. Define science and apply the scientific method
   2. Define hypothesis
   3. Define scientific theory
   4. Contrast science with non-science and pseudo-science
   5. Practice data interpretation
   6. Critically evaluate evidence
2. Explain Molecular Biology Fundamental Principles
   1. Describe ways in which genetic variation is produced
   2. Define gene and allele
   3. Describe genetic inheritance
   4. Describe gene expression
   5. Describe gene-by-environment interactions
   6. Apply principles of molecular biology to a human example
3. Explain Evolutionary Biology Fundamental Principles
   1. Discuss species definitions as applied to fossils and extant biodiversity
   2. Identify the necessary and sufficient conditions for Natural Selection
   3. Evaluate evidence for evolution
   4. Define adaptation
   5. Describe the influence of path dependence on the evolutionary process
   6. Describe the influence of trade-offs on the evolutionary process
4. Describe Human Evolution
   1. Primate dietary and locomotor adaptations
   2. Family tree: hominoid to human
   3. Identify signatures of bipedalism in the skeleton
   4. Contrast social versus biological concepts of human race
5. Apply Molecular and Evolutionary Biology Principles to the Study of Human Morphology
   1. Explore patterns of human genetic and phenotypic variation
   2. Consider the impacts of path dependence and trade-offs during the evolution of human phenotypes
   3. Describe heterozygote advantage
6. Apply Molecular and Evolutionary Biology Principles to the Study of Human Behavior
   1. Consider the impact of anisogamy on human behavioral patterns
   2. Consider ecological influences on human behavioral patterns
7. Apply Molecular and Evolutionary Biology Principles to the Study of Human Health
   1. Social determinants of health
   2. Mismatch
   3. Sex differences in disease susceptibility
8. Examine Current Topics of Societal Interest through the Lens of Human Evolutionary Biology
   1. Choice of topics motivated by student and instructor interest
   2. Critically think about a topic and evaluate current scientific evidence

BIO 127IN - Human Nutrition and Biology

1. Describe the nutritional and physiological importance of each of the following nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals and water.
2. Understand how nutrition affects health in terms of developing and/or preventing chronic diseases including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease and cancer.
3. Demonstrate proficiency in conducting experiments in nutrition and biology.

1. Demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of communication and critical thinking.
2. Evaluate the design, results, and conclusions of various nutritional studies.
3. Explain the purpose and significance of dietary recommendations.
4. Describe the biology of human digestion and absorption in general, as well as the nutritional, metabolic, and physiological significance of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, major minerals, trace elements, and non-nutrient substances.
5. Describe several nutrient-nutrient and drug-nutrient interactions.
6. Elaborate on basic aspects of clinical nutrition, and various nutrition related issues.
7. Describe how nutrient needs change during human development from the embryonic period through adulthood, along with the nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation.
8. Evaluate the tendencies and risks associated with genetic and epigenetic effects on nutrition and health.
9. Competently analyze diets applying principles learned in this course using either food composition tables or dietary analysis software.

1. Introduction to Human Nutrition and Biology
   1. Definitions of nutrition, nutritional status, nutrients, and risk factors
   2. The cell
   3. Nutritional science
      1. Nutritional studies: design, types, and criticism
      2. Methods of nutritional assessment
   4. Measurement and graphing relevant to nutritional science
2. Dietary Recommendations, Nutrient Density, and Desirable Blood Profile
3. Human Biology of Nutrition
   1. Anatomy and physiology of human digestive system
   2. Digestion & absorption
   3. Role of enzymes in biology and nutrition
   4. Energy metabolism
4. Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Deficiency Symptoms, Food Sources, and/or Biological Effects (beyond the prevention of deficiency symptoms) for the following:
   1. Carbohydrates
   2. Proteins and amino acids
   3. Lipids
   4. Vitamins
   5. Minerals and trace elements
   6. Non-nutrient substances such as dietary fiber and various phytochemicals
   7. Nutrient-nutrient interactions
5. Developmental Nutrition
   1. Maternal nutrition (both pregnancy and lactation)
   2. Nutrition from the embryonic period through adulthood and aging
6. Biology and Nutrition of Health Issues
   1. Cardiovascular disease
   2. Cancer
   3. Hypertension
   4. Obesity
   5. Lactose intolerance
   6. Diabetes
   7. Osteoporosis
   8. Eating disorders
   9. Alcohol consumption
   10. Food sensitivities and allergies
   11. Weight loss and weight gain
   12. Effects of dietary phytochemicals
   13. Food safety
   14. Pesticides and food additives
   15. Genetics and nutrition
   16. Epigenetics and nutrition
7. Clinical Nutrition
   1. Biology of diseases and their effects on nutrition
   2. Effects of disease treatment on nutrition
   3. Diet therapy for selected diseases and disorders
   4. Drug-nutrient interactions
8. Current Nutrition Issues
   1. Myths
   2. Misleading advertisements
   3. Nutrition public policy
   4. World hunger
   5. Genetically modified foods

BIO 135IN - Genetics, Biotechnology and Human Affairs

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and the safe, correct use of materials, equipment, and procedures in the biology laboratory.
2. Describe the genetic foundations of life at the molecular and individual levels.
3. Describe and perform key techniques used in recombinant DNA technology and studies of the human genome.

1. Describe the objectives of the human genome project and potential benefits to society.
2. Summarize the history of recombinant DNA technology and explain its impact on modern biology.
3. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
4. Gain proficiency in standard laboratory techniques such as metric measurement of volume, mass and length, gel electrophoresis, PCR, bioseparations, transformations and following a procedure.
5. Demonstrate safe laboratory practices.
6. Describe and perform key techniques used in recombinant DNA technology and studies of the human genome.
7. Discuss the ethical, legal, and social issues emerging from the human genome project and biotechnology.
8. Examine careers in biotechnology.
9. Perform activities to demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of communication, critical thinking, and mathematics as they relate to biotechnology.

1. Introduction to Biotechnology
   1. History of Recombinant DNA Technology
   2. The Human Genome Project
   3. Scientific Processes
2. Fundamentals of Cell Biology and Genetics
   1. Cell Structure, Function, and Chemistry
   2. Genetics
   3. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology
   4. Gene Regulation
3. Applications of Biotechnology
   1. Biomedical
   2. Agricultural
   3. Industrial
4. Bioethics
   1. Introduction to Bioethics
   2. Eugenics
   3. Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues
5. Careers in Biotechnology
   1. Biotechnology in Arizona
   2. The Future of Biotechnology
   3. Career Paths
6. Laboratory Techniques
   1. Lab Safety
   2. Use of the Metric System and Laboratory Measurement Techniques
   3. DNA Gel Electrophoresis
   4. PCR
   5. DNA Typing
   6. Cloning and Transformation
   7. Bioseparations

BIO 156IN - Intro Biology Allied Health

4 Credits, 6 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 3 lab periods

Introductory Biology for Allied Health Introduction to biology for the health professions. Includes principles of science, scientific measurement and laboratory techniques, chemistry of life, cell anatomy and physiology, cellular reproduction, patterns of inheritances and human tissues.

Recommendation: Completion of CHM 130IN  before enrolling in this course. If any recommended course is taken, see a financial aid or Veteran’s Affairs advisor to determine funding eligibility as appropriate.
Gen-Ed: Meets AGEC - SCI; Meets CTE - M&S.

2.   Identify the structures and describe the functions of organisms at the molecular, cellular, and histological levels.

2. Demonstrate biology study skills necessary for anatomy and physiology.

3. Identify key components of the scientific method and apply the scientific process. 

4. Demonstrate the ability to safely use biological laboratory techniques.

5. Demonstrate the correct use of a light microscope, metric tools for measuring length, mass, and volume, and laboratory safety skills.

6. Describe and give examples of life’s hierarchy of organization.

7. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 

8. Explain the basic chemical processes of life. 

9. Describe the four categories of “macromolecules” and why each is important for cellular structure and functions. 

10. Explain how enzymes function.

11. Describe the structure of the cellular organelles and how each functions. 

12. Describe specifically membrane transport mechanisms, protein synthesis and packaging, and anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration.

13. Describe the cell cycle and the purposes, products, and processes of mitosis and meiosis.

14. Explain how genes are expressed and inherited, and the molecular biology of gene expression.

15. Describe the principles of Mendelian Genetics.

16. Describe and give examples of the primary human tissues, and where in the body each can be found.

17. Explain how a fertilized egg develops into an early embryo and describe the fates of the three primary germ layers. (Optional)

1. Principles of Science
   1. Scientific process and scientific experimentation
   2. Analyzing and reporting results
2. Scientific Measurement and Laboratory Techniques
   1. Light microscopy
   2. Metric measurements
   3. Laboratory safety skills
3. Introduction to Biology
   1. Levels of organization (life’s hierarchy)
   2. Cellular diversity (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells)
4. Chemistry of Life
   1. Basic general chemistry
   2. Macromolecules
      1. Carbohydrates
      2. Lipids
      3. Proteins
      4. Nucleic Acids
   3. Enzymes and energy
   4. Metabolism
5. Cell Anatomy and Physiology
   1. Cell membrane and transport mechanisms
   2. Organelle structure and function
      1. Nucleus
      2. Ribosomes and protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
      3. Endomembrane system
      4. Mitochondria and cellular respiration
      5. Cytoskeleton
6. Cellular Reproduction
   1. Cell cycle
   2. DNA replication
   3. Mitosis
   4. Meiosis
7. Patterns of Inheritances
   1. Molecular biology
   2. Mendelian genetics
8. Human Tissues
   1. Epithelium
   2. Connective tissue
   3. Muscular tissue
   4. Nervous tissue
9. Embryonic Development (Optional)
   1. Fertilization
   2. Blastulation
   3. Gastrulation

BIO 157 - Basic Histology for Anatomy and Physiology

1. Identify human body tissues in a microscope or via a photomicrograph.
2. Describe key functions of tissues.
3. Identify at least one region in the human body where each tissue can be found.

1. Epithelial Tissue
   1. Simple squamous
   2. Simple cuboidal
   3. Simple columnar
   4. Pseudostratified columnar
   5. Stratified squamous
   6. Stratified cuboidal
   7. Stratified columnar
   8. Transitional
   9. Surface modifications
      1. Cilia
      2. Goblet cells
      3. Microvilli
2. Connective Tissue
   1. Mesenchyme and connective tissue development
   2. Connective tissue proper
      1. Loose (areolar)
      2. Adipose
      3. Reticular
      4. Dense regular
      5. Dense irregular
      6. Dense elastic
   3. Cartilage
      1. Hyaline
      2. Elastic
      3. Fibrous
   4. Blood and lymph
   5. Bone
3. Muscle Tissue
   1. Skeletal
   2. Cardiac
   3. Smooth
4. Nerve Tissue
   1. Neurons
   2. Glia

BIO 160IN - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

4 Credits, 6 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 3 lab periods

Structure and dynamics of the human body. Includes foundations such as chemical, cellular and tissue levels of organization. Also includes major structures and functions of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Gen-Ed: Meets AGEC - SCI; Meets CTE - M&S.

1. Identify anatomical structures of organ systems.
2. Describe physiological functions of organ systems.
3. Discuss selected homeostatic mechanisms and their effects on organ systems.

2. Identify key components of the scientific method and apply the scientific process.

3. List and describe the levels of organization.

4. Discuss the chemical and cellular foundations of anatomy and physiology.

5. Describe and identify the primary human tissues, and give examples of when each is used and where each can be found.

6. Identify the major selected structures of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system.

7. Describe the functions of each significant organ and explain how these structures work together to accomplish the primary task(s) of the system.

1. Scientific Process
   1. Scientific experimentation
   2. Analyzing and reporting results
2. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
   1. Levels of organization
   2. Organ systems overview
   3. Homeostasis and disease
3. Chemical Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology
   1. General chemistry
   2. Introduction to biochemistry and macromolecules
   3. Introduction to reactions, enzymes, and catalysis
4. Cellular and Histological Foundations of Anatomy and Physiology
   1. Structure and function of cellular organelles
   2. Introduction to the gene and protein synthesis
   3. Structure and functions of selected human tissues
5. The Integumentary System
   1. Functions of the integumentary system
   2. Structures of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
6. The Skeletal System
   1. Identification of selected human bones
   2. Bone tissue
7. The Muscular System
   1. Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue
   2. Physiology of muscle contraction including glucose energy needs and oxygen demand
   3. Identification of major muscle groups and selected superficial muscles
8. The Nervous System and Sensory Organs
   1. Organization of the nervous system
   2. Identification of selected nerves
   3. Nervous tissue and the action potential
   4. Conduction of the signal to other neurons and effector organs
   5. Structure and function of selected special senses
9. The Endocrine System
   1. Hormone production and function
   2. Structure and function of selected endocrine organs
10. The Cardiovascular System and Blood
    1. Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries, and the heart
    2. The circulatory pathway including identification of major arteries and veins
    3. The heart beat and blood flow through the cardiovascular system
    4. Components of blood
11. The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
    1. Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
    2. The immune response
12. The Respiratory System
    1. Functional anatomy of the respiratory system
    2. Respiratory physiology
13. The Digestive System
    1. Structure of the digestive organs
    2. Chemical and mechanical digestion
14. The Urinary System
    1. Organs of the urinary system
    2. Structure of the nephron and urine formation
15. The Reproductive System
    1. Anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems
    2. Sperm production
    3. Egg production and the menstrual cycle
    4. Fertilization

BIO 181IN - General Biology I: (Majors) [SUN# BIO 1181]

4 Credits, 6 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 3 lab periods

Principles of structure and function of living things at the molecular and cellular levels of organization. Includes introduction to the scientific process, scientific measurements and laboratory techniques, chemistry of cells, organization of cells, metabolism, cell communication, patterns of cell division, patterns of inheritance, nucleic acids, gene expression, and biotechnology.

Prerequisite(s): MAT 097  with a grade of C or better or placement into MAT 151  or higher, and REA 091  with a grade of C or better or placement into REA 112 .
Recommendation: Completion of BIO 182IN , CHM 151IN , WRT 090  or WRT 096 or assessment into WRT 101  before enrolling in this course. BIO 182IN  is recommended before BIO 181IN for those students pursuing the Associate of Science degree with a concentration in Biology pathway. BIO 100IN  or BIO 156IN  is recommended for students who did not complete one year of general high school biology with a grade of B or better. If any recommended course is taken, see a financial aid or Veteran’s Affairs advisor to determine funding eligibility as appropriate.
Gen-Ed: Meets AGEC - SCI; Meets CTE M&S

1. Demonstrate proficiency in conducting experiments in cell and molecular biology utilizing biotechnology.
2. Explain cellular processes.
3. Explain patterns of inheritance and their molecular mechanisms.

1. Demonstrate proficiency in using the scientific method to design and conduct experiments, and to communicate results.
2. Demonstrate proficiency in using hands-on use of tools of liquid measurement, light microscopes, pH meters, gel electrophoresis apparatus, thermal cyclers and other tools of cellular and molecular biology.
3. Explain chemical principles that govern normal cell function.
4. Describe the structure and function of cells and cellular components.
5. Describe cell metabolism: energy production and utilization by cells.
6. Describe the processes of cell communication and signal transduction.
7. Explain patterns of cell division at the molecular and cellular level.
8. Describe and apply patterns of inheritance.
9. Explain the role of nucleic acids in cell function.
10. Explain how genes are expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
11. Describe methods and applications of biotechnology.

1. Introduction to the Scientific Process
   1. Steps of the scientific process
   2. Analyzing data
   3. Laboratory safety skills
   4. Communication and record keeping
   5. The limitations of science
2. Scientific Measurements and Laboratory Techniques
   1. Use of pipettes, micropipettes and graduated cylinders
   2. Light microscopy
   3. pH meter
   4. Gel electrophoresis equipment
   5. Polymerase chain reaction
3. Chemistry of Cells
   1. Properties of water and relevance to life.
   2. Structures of functions of biological molecules
4. Organization of Cells
   1. Cell theory
   2. Prokaryotic cells
   3. Eukaryotic cells
   4. Membrane dynamics
5. Metabolism
   1. Laws of Thermodynamics
   2. Enzymes
   3. Cellular respiration
   4. Photosynthesis
6. Cell Communication
   1. Types of cell signaling
   2. Signal transduction pathways
7. Patterns of Cell Division
   1. The cell cycle and control of cell division
   2. Mitosis
   3. Meiosis
   4. Binary fission in prokaryotes.
8. Patterns of Inheritance
   1. Mendelian genetics
   2. Chromosomal genetics
   3. Human genetic conditions
9. Nucleic Acids
   1. Structure of nucleic acids
   2. DNA replication
   3. Transcription and translation
   4. Mutations
10. Gene Expression
    1. Gene regulation in prokaryotes
    2. Gene regulation in eukaryotes
    3. Applications of eukaryotic gene regulation
11. Biotechnology
    1. Recombinant DNA technology
    2. Genomics
    3. Applications of biotechnology

BIO 182IN - General Biology II: (Majors) [SUN# BIO 1182]

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Use evolutionary relationships to classify organisms.
3. Describe the flow of energy through biological systems

1. Explain scientific theories of the origin of life and the evolution of organisms.
2. Describe schemes for classifying living organisms.
3. Explain diverse methods by which different organisms cope with their environment.
4. Explain interactions of organisms with each other and with their environments.
5. Describe how different ecosystems support diverse life forms.
6. Apply the scientific process to address human impacts upon the biosphere.

1. Evolution of Life
   1. Current hypothesis on the origin of life
   2. Defining evolution and natural selection
   3. Evidence for evolution
   4. Significance of evolution for medicine and the environment
   5. Biological species concept
   6.   Three domains
2. Survival Strategies

1. Physiological strategies
2. Reproductive strategies

1. Interactions between Organisms and with their Environment

1. Population ecology
2. Community ecology
3. Animal behavior

1. Ecosystem Structure

1. Energy flow through ecosystems
2. Biological diversity

1. Human Impacts upon the Biosphere

1. Human population growth
2. Loss of biodiversity
3. Science of conservation biology

BIO 183IN - Marine Biology

1. Utilize scientific methods to formulate and answer questions.
2. Apply biological principles to current issues.

1. Perform activities to demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of oral communication and global awareness
2. Demonstrate the correct use of a microscope and metric tools for measuring length, mass, and volume.
3. Discuss the dimensions and importance of world oceans.
4. Describe how scientists study the biology of the oceans.
5. Compare and contrast the geological, physical, and chemical aspects of the ocean environment.
6. Relate the mode of action of tides, waves, and currents to the effects they have on marine environments.
7. List the properties of seawater.
8. Discuss the effects of physical factors on cells in marine environments.
9. Identify marine organisms with respect to their accepted classification and phylogeny.
10. Interpret the life history and functional morphology of living marine organisms through direct observation.
11. Identify basic ecological interactions among organisms, including symbiosis, competition and trophic interactions.
12. Describe the relationships between the biotic and abiotic portions of selected marine ecosystems.
13. Compare and contrast the structure and function of marine ecosystems.
14. Discuss the limitations and potential of the ocean as a source for mineral and biological resources.

1. Scientific Measurements and Laboratory Techniques
   1. Microscopy
   2. Metric measurements
2. Principles of Marine Science
   1. World oceans
   2. History and methods of marine science
   3. The sea floor
   4. Geological, chemical, and physical features of seawater and the world oceans
   5. Tides, waves, and currents
   6. Properties of sea water
3. Life in the Marine Environment
   1. Structure and function of cells
   2. Effects of physical factors on cells
   3. Marine prokaryotes, protists, fungi and plants
   4. Marine invertebrates
   5. Marine fishes
   6. Marine reptiles, birds and mammals
   7. Relationship between functional morphology and lifestyle
4. Structure and Function of Marine Ecosystems
   1. Basic ecological interactions
   2. Biotic and abiotic components of marine ecosystems
   3. Intertidal zones
   4. Estuaries
   5. Continental shelf
   6. Coral reefs
   7. Life near the surface
   8. Ocean depths
5. Humans and the Sea
   1. Resources from the sea
   2. Impact of humans on the marine environment
   3. Oceans and human affairs

BIO 184IN - Plant Biology

1. Describe the structure of plants and explain the roles of internal and external factors in the functioning of plants.
2. Discuss the ecology of plants including population and ecosystem structure.

1. Describe diversity of plant systems.
2. Describe the structure of plants and explain the roles of internal and external factors in the functioning of plants.
3. Differentiate between higher and lower plants.
4. Identify the requirements for plant growth and development.
5. Explain the principles of plant metabolism.
6. Define the basic principles of Mendelian and Non-Mendelian genetics including plant sexual reproduction processes.
7. Integrate and discuss processes involved in the evolution of organisms.
8. Discuss the ecology of plants including population and ecosystem structure.
9. Describe how people from various regions of the world have utilized indigenous plants.

1. Introduction
2. Plant Structure
   1. Cell structure
   2. Growth and cell division
   3. Tissues and primary growth
   4. Stems
   5. Leaves
   6. Roots
   7. Woody plants
   8. Flowers and reproduction
3. Plant Physiology and Development
   1. Photosynthesis
   2. Respiration
   3. Plant transport
   4. Soils
   5. Development and morphogenesis
4. Genetics and Evolution
   1. Genetics
   2. Population genetics and evolution
   3. Classification and systematics
   4. Prokaryotes, fungi, algae
   5. Nonvascular plants
   6. Vascular plants without seeds
   7. Seed plants: gymnosperms
   8. Seed plants: angiosperms
5. Ecology
   1. Populations and ecosystems
   2. Biomes
   3. Ethnobotany

BIO 201IH - Human Anatomy, Physiology and Histology

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and the safe, correct use of materials, equipment and procedures in the biology laboratory.
2. Identify anatomical structures of organ systems. 
3. Describe physiological functions of organ systems.
4. Discuss selected homeostatic mechanisms and their effects on organ systems. 

1. Explain the scientific method and demonstrate the ability to safely perform biological laboratory techniques including light microscopy.
2. Explain the levels of organization of the human body, the general functions of the 11 organ systems, the importance of homeostasis, and the homeostatic mechanisms involved in maintaining normal physiological limits.
3. Describe chemistry and biochemistry as it relates to the structure, function, and physiology including energy metabolism of cells, tissues and organ systems.
4. Describe cell biology, including function and gene regulation as it relates to physiology.
5. Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, sections, cavities, and relative positions.   
6. Identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe their functions.
7. Identify the structures of the skeletal system and describe their functions.
8. Classify the joints of the body and describe their structures and functions.
9. Identify the structures of the muscular system and describe their functions.
10. Identify the structures of the nervous system and describe their functions.
11. Identify the structures of the special senses and describe their functions.

1. Scientific Process and Scientific Experimentation
2. Scientific Measurement and Laboratory Techniques
   1. Metric system
   2. Microscopy
   3. Laboratory safety
3. Levels of Biological Organization
   1. Taxonomy
   2. Essential features of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
4. Principles of Homeostasis                
5. Principles of Chemistry as Applied to Physiology
   1. Basic general chemistry including bonding, pH, and water
   2. Macromolecules
   3. Enzymes
   4. DNA
6. Cellular Level of Organization
   1. Introduction to cell biology
   2. Membrane transport
   3. Cell cytoplasm
   4. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
   5. The nucleus and regulation of gene expression
7. Anatomical Terms
   1. Body regions, sections and relative positions
   2. Body cavities 
8. Integumentary System
   1. Functions of the integumentary system
   2. Structures and functions of the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and selected skin derivatives
   3. Homeostatic mechanisms of the skin, including thermoregulation
   4. Skin repair in response to injury
9. Skeletal System
   1. Classification of bones
   2. Long and flat bone structure
   3. Bone and cartilage histology
   4. Physiology of bone formation, growth and remodeling
   5. Bone’s role in calcium homeostasis
   6. Exercise and the skeletal system 
   7. Identification of selected human bones and their markings 
10. Articulations
    1. Classification of joints
    2. Structure and function of a synovial joint
    3. Structures and functions of selected articulations
11. Muscular System
    1. Muscle histology
    2. Sarcomeres and the sliding filament theory
    3. Neuromuscular junction and nerve stimulation
    4. Muscle physiology and regulatory responses to exercise
    5. Homeostatic mechanisms of muscles and muscle tissue, including thermoregulation
    6. Identification of selected muscles and their origins, insertions and actions 
12. Nervous System  
    1. Divisions of the nervous system
    2. Neuron structures and neurophysiology, including resting, graded and action potentials, and neural integration
    3. Synapse structure and function, including neurotransmitters
    4. Selected brain structures and their functions
    5. Spinal cord structures and their functions
    6. Reflex arc and spinal reflexes
    7. Cranial nerves and selected spinal nerves
    8. Sensory, motor and integrative pathways
13. Autonomic Nervous System
    1. Selected structures in the autonomic nervous system and their functions
    2. ANS control and homeostasis
14. Special Senses
    1. The anatomical structures involved with vision, hearing and equilibrium, olfaction, and gustation
    2. Special senses, mechanisms and physiology

BIO 201IN - Human Anatomy and Physiology I [SUN# BIO 2201]

4 Credits, 6 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 3 lab periods

Structure and function of the body. Includes levels of organization, homeostasis and disease, anatomical terms, integumentary system, skeletal system and articulations, muscular and nervous systems, autonomic nervous system, and special senses.

Prerequisite(s): BIO 156IN , or BIO BIO 181IN  and BIO 157 ; completion of a 200 level (or higher) Human Anatomy and Physiology course; or a passing grade on the Biology Assessment Exam.
Gen-Ed: Meets AGEC - SCI; Meets CTE - M&S.

1. Identify anatomical structures of organ systems.
2. Describe physiological functions of organ systems.
3. Discuss selected homeostatic mechanisms and their effects on organ systems.

2. List and describe the levels of organization and the general functions of the 11 organ systems.

3. Describe the importance of homeostasis and the mechanisms involved in maintaining normal physiological limits.

4. Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, sections, cavities, and relative positions.   

5. Identify the structures of the integumentary system and describe their functions.

6. Identify the structures of the skeletal system and describe their functions.

7. Classify the joints of the body and describe their structures and functions.

8. Identify the structures of the muscular system and describe their functions.

9. Identify the structures of the nervous system and describe their functions.

10. Identify the structures of the special senses and describe their functions.

1. Levels of Organization
   1. Major levels in the human body
   2. Major components and functions of eleven (11) organ systems
   3. Integration of form and function
2. Homeostasis and Disease
   1. Negative feedback
   2. Positive feedback
3. Anatomical Terms
   1. Body regions, sections, and relative positions
   2. Body cavities 
4. Integumentary System
   1. Functions of the integumentary system
   2. Structures and functions of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis and selected skin derivatives
   3. Homeostatic mechanisms of the skin, including thermoregulation
   4. Skin repair in response to injury
5. Skeletal System
   1. Classification of bones
   2. Long and flat bone structure
   3. Bone and cartilage histology
   4. Physiology of bone formation, growth, and remodeling
   5. Bone’s role in calcium homeostasis and the three hormones that control blood calcium levels (PTH, calcitonin, calcitriol)
   6. Exercise and the skeletal system  
   7. Identification of selected human bones and their markings  
6. Articulations
   1. Classification of joints
   2. Structure and function of a synovial joint and accessory structures
   3. Structures and functions of selected articulations
7. Muscular System
   1. Muscle histology
   2. Sarcomeres and the sliding filament theory
   3. Neuromuscular junction and nerve stimulation
   4. Muscle physiology 
   5. Homeostatic mechanisms of muscles and muscle tissue, including thermoregulation
   6. Identification of selected muscles and their origins, insertions, and actions  
8. Nervous System  
   1. Divisions of the nervous system
   2. Neuron structures and neurophysiology including resting, graded and action potentials, and neural integration
   3. Synapse structure and function, including neurotransmitters
   4. Selected brain structures and their functions
   5. Spinal cord structures and their functions
   6. Reflex arc and spinal reflexes
   7. Name, number, and function of cranial nerves and selected spinal nerves
   8. Sensory, motor, and integrative pathways, including learning/memory
9. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
   1. Selected structures in the autonomic nervous system and their functions
   2. ANS control and homeostasis
10. Special Senses
    1. The anatomical structures involved with vision; hearing and equilibrium; olfaction; and gustation.
    2. Special senses, mechanisms, and physiology

BIO 202IN - Human Anatomy and Physiology II [SUN# BIO 2202]

1. Identify anatomical structures of organ systems.
2. Describe physiological functions of organ systems.
3. Discuss selected homeostatic mechanisms and their effects on organ systems.

1. Perform activities to demonstrate improvement in the general education goals of communication and critical thinking.
2. Identify the structures of the endocrine system and describe their functions.
3. Identify the components of the cardiovascular system including blood, and describe their functions.
4. Identify the structures of the lymphatic and immune systems and describe their functions.
5. Identify the structures of the respiratory system, and describe their functions.
6. Identify the organs and accessory organs of the digestive system and describe their functions related to digestion and/or absorption.
7. Discuss components of nutrition as they relate to metabolic homeostasis, and describe the physiological processes related to metabolic homeostasis.
8. Discuss energy balance and thermoregulation.
9. Identify the structures of the urinary system, and describe their functions.
10. Discuss fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance.
11. Identify the structures of the reproductive system, and describe their functions.
12. Describe the formation of the embryonic germ layers, and the fates of each layer with respect to the development of the endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
13. Discuss selected homeostatic imbalances (diseases) and their effects of the systems mentioned above.

1. The Endocrine System
   1. Comparison of nervous and endocrine systems
   2. Control of endocrine system function
      1. Neural control
      2. Positive/negative feedback mechanisms
   3. Endocrine glands and their functions
   4. Hormones, their target tissues and effects
   5. Receptors
   6. Homeostasis and disease
   7. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome
2. The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
   1. Functions of blood
   2. Physical characteristics and components
   3. Formation of blood cells
   4. Hemeostasis
   5. Grouping (typing) of blood
   6. Homeostasis and disease
3. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
   1. Location and size of the heart
   2. Pericardium
   3. Layers of the myocardium
   4. Chambers and valves of the heart
   5. Circulation through the heart
   6. Blood supply of the heart
   7. Conduction system
   8. Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction
   9. Cardiac cycle
   10. Cardiac output
   11. Homeostasis and disease
4. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics
   1. Anatomy of blood vessels
   2. Hemodynamics: physiology of circulation
   3. Control, blood pressure and blood flow
   4. Shock and homeostasis
   5. Systemic circulation
   6. Pulmonary circulation
   7. Homeostasis and disease
5. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
   1. Lymphatic system
      1. Formation of lymph
      2. Lymphatic cells
      3. Lymphatic tissue
      4. Lymphatic vessels
   2. The immune system
      1. Nonspecific resistance to disease
         1. Physical barriers to disease
         2. Chemical barriers to disease
         3. Cellular barriers to disease
      2. Immunity (specific resistance to disease)
         1. Humoral immunity
         2. Cell mediated immunity
   3. Homeostasis and disease
6. The Respiratory System
   1. Anatomy of the respiratory system
   2. Mechanics of respiration
   3. Physiology of respiration
   4. Control of respiration
   5. Homeostasis and disease
7. The Digestive System
   1. Organs and accessory organs of digestion
   2. General histology of GI tract
   3. The physiology of digestion and absorption
   4. Control of digestion
   5. Homeostasis and disease
8. Metabolism
   1. General nutrition
   2. Lipid, carbohydrate and protein catabolism and anabolism
   3. Energy balance
   4. Thermoregulation
   5. Homeostasis and disease
9. The Urinary System
   1. Anatomy of the urinary system
   2. Physiology of urine formation and elimination
   3. Producing dilute and concentrated urine
   4. Components of urine
   5. Homeostasis and disease
10. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
    1. Fluid compartments and fluid balance
    2. Electrolytes
    3. Acid-base balance
    4. Control of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
    5. Homeostasis and disease
11. The Reproductive Systems
    1. Male reproductive system
    2. Female reproductive system
    3. Female reproductive cycle
    4. Physiology of sexual intercourse
    5. Birth control
    6. Homeostasis and disease
12. Development/Embryonic Germ Layers

BIO 203 - Anatomy and Physiology Review for Health Related Professions

2 Credits, 2 Contact Hours
2 lecture periods 0 lab periods

Review of human body systems which includes clinical application of human anatomy and physiology. Includes the nervous system, endocrine system, metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system; and fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance.

Prerequisite(s): BIO 201IN  and BIO 202IN  
Recommendation: For students who are preparing to take board exams in the health related professions, or those who wish to review anatomy and physiology.
Information: May be taken 3 times for a maximum of 6 credit hours. If this course is repeated see a financial aid or Veteran’s Affairs advisor to determine funding eligibility as appropriate. Financial aid may not cover this class if it is taken outside of a normal semester. eligibility as appropriate. Financial aid may not cover this class if it is taken outside of a normal semester.

1. Describe the anatomy and physiology associated with major body systems

1. Nervous System
   1. Spinal cord and spinal nerve anatomy and physiology

1. Spinal tracts

2. Spinal nerves

3. Selected disorders

1. Brain and cranial nerve anatomy and physiology
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6. 1. Autonomic nervous system anatomy and physiology
7.  
8.  
9.  
10.  
11.  
12.  
13.  

1. Endocrine System
   1. Lipid soluble and water soluble hormones
   2. Hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal/thyroid/gonadal axes

1. Clinically significant hormones and their actions
2. Examples of endocrine disorders

1. Metabolism
   1. Endocrine control of metabolism
   2. Roles of the liver in metabolism
   3. Examples of metabolic disorders with emphasis on diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia
2. Cardiovascular System
   1. The heart

1. Anatomy

2. Cardiac output

3. Cardiac cycle

4. Conduction system

5. Examples of cardiovascular disorders

1. Blood vessels and hemodynamics

1. Blood vessel histology

2. Systolic vs diastolic blood pressure

3. Mean arterial pressure as a function of cardiac output and peripheral resistance

4. Neural and endocrine control of blood pressure

5. Examples of circulatory shock

1. Blood
2.  
3.  
4.  
5.  
6.  
7.  
8.  
9.  
10.  
11.  

1. Respiratory System
   1. Anatomy
   2. Physiology
      1.  
      2.  
      3.  
      4.  
2. Examples of respiratory disorders
3. Urinary System
   1. Anatomy
   2. Physiology
      1.  
      2.  
      3.  

a. Aldosterone

b. Catecholamines

c. ADH

d. ANP and BNP

1. Clinical assessment of renal function

1. Digestive System
   1. Anatomy
   2. Physiology
   3. Clinical applications associated with the digestive system
2. Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance
   1. Anatomy
   2. Physiology
   3. Clinical applications associated with fluid, electrolyte, and pH balance

BIO 205IN - Microbiology [SUN# BIO 2205]

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the physiological differences among various cellular and acellular microbes.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of microbial adaptation to selective forces, including chemotherapeutic agents and the immune system.
3. Generate and incorporate experimental data to draw conclusions about the nature or identity of microbes.

1. Demonstrate communication and critical thinking skills.
2. Discuss selected microorganisms and the important role they play in humans.
3. Describe cellular processes such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
4. Describe the basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and viruses.
5. Demonstrate proficiency with a light microscope and common microscopic techniques.
6. Transfer, culture and identify microorganisms using proper techniques.
7. Demonstrate aseptic technique, and proper disposal methods.
8. Describe the principles underlying methods of sterilization, disinfection, and chemotherapy.
9. Explain processes by which bacteria adapt and become resistant to antibiotics.
10. Discuss pathogenicity factors of microorganisms.
11. Discuss specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms of the body and how they protect the body from disease.
12. Describe mechanisms of immune disorders.

1. Scope and History of Microbiology
2. Cell Structure and Function
   1. Eukaryotic cells
   2. Prokaryotic cells
3. Microbial Metabolism
   1. Basic chemical reactions underlying metabolism
4. Microbial Nutrition and Growth
   1. Growth requirements
   2. Cultivation of microorganisms
5. Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
   1. Basic principles of microbial control
   2. Physical agents
   3. Chemical agents
6. Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body
   1. Mechanisms of antimicrobial action
   2. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
7. Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes using Classical methods and DNA Technology
   1. Survey of archaea
   2. Survey of bacteria
8. Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes
9. Virology
10. Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
    1. Microbe: host interaction
    2. Modes of transmission of disease
    3. Epidemiology
11. Selected Microbial Diseases of Various Body Systems
12. Body Defenses
    1. Non-specific (innate immunity)
    2. Specific immunity
13. Immunization
14. Immune Disorders
    1. Hypersensitivities
    2. Autoimmune diseases
    3. Immunodeficiency diseases

BIO 218 - Human Pathophysiology

4 Credits, 4 Contact Hours
4 lecture periods 0 lab periods

Pathophysiological processes in humans and the development of clinical reasoning skills that distinguish between normal physiology and the physiology of disease or injury. Includes the etiology, clinical presentation, and appropriate treatment of selected disease processes. Also includes the pathophysiology of the hematological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, endocrine, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, neurologic, musculoskeletal and reproductive systems.

Prerequisite(s): BIO 201IN , BIO 202IN , and BIO 205IN  
Information: This course is a prerequisite for the concurrent Associate Degree/Baccalaureate Degree Nursing program through Pima Community College and Northern Arizona University.

2. Describe the etiology, sign/symptoms, diagnoses and treatments of organ systems disorders.

2. Identify the differences between physiological functioning and pathophysiological processes in the various systems of the human body, including the clinical rationale for therapeutic interventions.

3. Apply critical thinking to analyze presentation of signs and symptoms based on the underlying pathophysiological processes.

4. Outline the immune response and describe the pathogenesis of immune disorders.

5. Describe the pathology of various diseases, including: neoplastic disease, hematological disorders (red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and coagulopathies.

6. Describe the pathophysiology of the cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, pancreatic, renal, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal and muscular, and nervous systems.

1. Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
   1. Normal and altered cell/tissue biology
   2. Tissue injury and adaptation
   3. Genetic alterations and disorders
   4. Neoplastic disease and metastasis
2. Inflammation, Infection, and Altered Immune States
   1. Common bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
   2. Wound healing
      1. Decubitus ulcers
      2. Appropriate nutrition
   3. Altered immune states
      1. Hypersensitivity reactions
      2. Immune deficiency disorders – human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and others
      3. Common autoimmune disorders
         1. Systemic lupus erythematosus
         2. Scleroderma
         3. Myasthenia gravis
         4. Multiple sclerosis
3. Alterations in Hematological Function
   1. Red blood cells (RBC) disorders – anemias
   2. Common bleeding and clotting disorders
   3. Disseminated intravascular coagulation
   4. White blood cells (WBC) disorders
      1. Leukemias
      2. Lymphomas
4. Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
   1. Atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis
   2. Hypertension
   3. Ischemic heart disease
   4. Valvular heart disorders
   5. Common cardiomyopathies
   6. Heart failure
   7. Common congenital disorders
   8. Peripheral vascular disease
      1. Venous disease
      2. Arterial disease
      3. Aneurysms
   9. Cardiac arrhythmias
5. Alterations in Pulmonary Function
   1. Pulmonary emboli
   2. Obstructive disease
      1. Emphysema
      2. Chronic bronchitis
   3. Restrictive disease
      1. Asthma
      2. Pulmonary fibrosis
   4. Common pulmonary infections
   5. Lung cancer
6. Alterations in Uro-Renal Function
   1. Common infectious states
   2. Obstructive disorders
   3. Glomerular disorders
   4. Fluid and electrolyte disorders
   5. Acid-base imbalances
   6. Renal failure
      1. Acute
      2. Chronic
7. Alterations in Endocrine Function
   1. Diabetes Mellitus
      1. Type I
      2. Type II
   2. Metabolic syndrome and energy disorders
   3. Thyroid disorders
   4. Parathyroid disorders
   5. Hypothalamic and pituitary disorders
   6. Adrenal disorders – cortical and medullary
8. Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function
   1. Common esophageal and gastric disorders
   2. Common disorders of the small intestine
      1. Etiology of diarrhea
      2. Malabsorption syndromes
   3. Common disorders of the large intestine
      1. Appendicitis and diverticular disease
      2. Inflammatory bowel disorders
   4. Malignancies
9. Alterations in Hepatic, Biliary, and Pancreatic Function
   1. Liver disorders
      1. Alcohol withdrawal – Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA)
      2. Hepatitis
      3. Cirrhosis
   2. Gall bladder disorders
      1. Cholelithiasis
      2. Cholecystitis
   3. Pancreatic disorders (including pancreatic cancer)
10. Alterations of Neurologic Function
    1. Neurotrauma
    2. Seizure disorders
    3. Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
    4. Common neurodegenerative diseases
       1. Alzheimer’s disease
       2. Parkinson’s disease
       3. Delirium and dementia - Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) score
    5. Common infectious disorders
       1. Meningitis
       2. Encephalitis
    6. Neurobiology of mental illnesses
       1. Mood disorders
       2. Schizophrenia
    7. Pain
    8. Peripheral neuropathy
11. Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function
    1. Traumatic disorders of bone and joints
    2. Infectious state-osteomyelitis
    3. Osteoporosis
    4. Arthritic and muscular disorders
       1. Osteoarthritis
       2. Rheumatoid arthritis
       3. Myositis disorders
       4. Rhabdomyolysis
12. Alterations in Reproductive Function
    1. Common reproductive disorders
    2. Reproductive cancers
    3. Prostate and testicular disorders
    4. Common infectious diseases
13. Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome and Shock
    1. Cardiopulmonary
    2. Septic
    3. Multiple trauma

BIO 250 - Biomedical Ethics

1. Understand the ethical and philosophical principles of bioethics and apply them to contemporary moral problems in science, medicine, health care, and environmental research.
2. Develop skills of critical analysis and dialectical thinking used in (a) identifying and analyzing ethical dilemmas; (b) understanding processes of human decision-making; and (c) in forming and defending positions.
3. Examine bioethical issues in light of human assumptions and bias and their influence on decision-making process.
4. Examine bioethical issues in light of gender and racial inequality and demonstrate cultural competence and humility in viewing biomedical ethics through the lens of different cultures.
5. Reflect on the ethical responsibility towards society at the local, national, and global levels.

1. Describe the underlying philosophical positions and assumptions of ethics.
2. Identify core biomedical ethical principles and be able to apply them when evaluating bioethical dilemmas.
3. Identify the values which are the foundation of health care decisions, and distinguish personal from professional views.
4. Demonstrate critical reasoning skills and be proficient in formulating well-reasoned oral and written arguments and be able to examine ethical dilemmas from the viewpoint of those that disagree with you.
5. Demonstrate inter-cultural humility in recognizing and evaluating ethical dilemmas.
6. Examine ethical responsibility locally, nationally and globally.
7. Discuss the legal, social, and ethical issues arising from our understanding of human genetics and epigenetics.
8. Discuss the potential for human genetic engineering and its ethical implications.
9. Examine the 20^th century eugenics movement, and discuss its implications for the 21^st century.
10. Examine the institutions and structure of health care and how health and medical resources are allocated locally, nationally, and globally.
11. Consider how we determine personhood and when human life becomes a person and how this influences biomedical decisions.
12. Discuss cultural, ethical, and legal outlooks on death and how this influences biomedical decision involving the end of life.
13. Discuss the pros and cons of these specific topics: death and dying; euthanasia; personhood; abortion; reproduction; genetic counseling and screening; artificial intelligence technology; environmental studies research; international and cross-cultural perspectives; health and human rights; and the translation of bioethical dilemmas into broad public policy.

1. Intensive Writing and Critical Inquiry  
   1. Producing written discourse in more than one assignment through papers, reports, quizzes, tests, etc., which includes a minimum word standard of 3000 words
   2. Written assignments emphasize critical inquiry which includes the gathering, interpreting, and evaluating evidence
   3. Formal out of class paper of at least 1,500 words which requires critical inquiry and where the writer develops and supports a main idea
   4. Explicit writing instruction with timely feedback to help students improve their writing and critical inquiry skills is part of the course’s content
   5. The evaluation of written assignments must include the overall quality of written work and critical inquiry, as measured by a rubric
   6. At least 50% of the student’s grade must be based on the written work and critical inquiry assignments
2. Fundamental Principles of Bioethics
   1. Ethical principles
      1. Autonomy
      2. Non-maleficence
      3. Beneficence
      4. Justice
      5. Truth-telling
   2. Inductive, deductive arguments and logical fallacies
   3. Cultural competence
      1. Implication of cultural bias and gender and racial inequality
      2. Examination of biomedical ethics through the lens of different cultures
   4. Local and global ethical responsibility
      1. Examination of how power relations are embedded in communities
      2. Implications of local power and economical structure of global communities
3. Legal, Social and Ethical Issues in Human Genetics
   1. The human genome project
   2. Genetic information and confidentiality
4. Human Genetic Engineering
   1. Gene therapy and gene editing  
   2. Reproductive and therapeutic cloning
5. Eugenics
   1. The eugenics movement in the United States
   2. Biological basis of race
   3. Sterilization
6. Allocation of Medical Resources
   1. Justice, equity, and equality
   2. Socioeconomic issues
   3. Geographical issues
   4. Age
7. Medical Decision-Making
   1. Informed consent, autonomy, and paternalism
   2. Confidentiality
   3. Disagreements between physician and patients/family
   4. Making decisions for others
8. The Beginning of Life
   1. When does human life become a person?
   2. Abortion
   3. Reproductive technologies
   4. Embryonic and fetal stem cells/tissue
9. The End of Life/Defining Death
   1. Death by brain criteria
   2. Right to die
   3. Euthanasia and the prolongation of life
   4. “Dead donor” rule and expanding classes of organ donors
10. Scientific and Biomedical Research
    1. Human subjects
    2. New therapies
    3. Orphan diseases
    4. Artificial intelligence
    5. Environmental studies

BIO 296 - Special Projects in Biology