Course Descriptions

ARC 060 - Artifacts and Sites of Tucson

ARC 062 - Stone Tool Making

0.5 Credits, 0.5 Contact Hours
.5 lecture periods 0 lab periods

Introduction to the production of chipped stone tools. Includes using museum collections, equipment, resources and facilities of the Archaeology Centre.

1. Discuss production of stone tools.
2. Identify major kinds of stone tools.
3. Produce stone tools.

1. Basics Of Flint Knapping
2. Safety Considerations
3. Production Techniques

ARC 093 - Archaeology Workshop

.5-3 Credits, .5-3 Contact Hours
.5-3 lecture periods 0 lab periods

Workshop with an emphasis on field and lab techniques. Includes using museum collections, equipment, resources and facilities of the Archaeology Centre or equivalent.

2.        Apply field and/or lab techniques covered in the workshop.

3.        Use equipment, resources, and museum collections of the Archaeology Centre or equivalent.

II.         Field and/or lab techniques in archaeology

A.       Description of techniques

B.       Application of techniques

III.        Equipment, Resources, and Museum Collections in the Archaeology Centre or equivalent

ARC 101 - Human Origins and Prehistory

1. Discuss principles of modern evolutionary theory.
2. Describe and explain modern human genetic variation.
3. Compare characteristics of living members of the primates.
4. Identify key hominin species.
5. Identify artifacts, skeletal materials, and fossil casts through hands-on experience and associate each with the relevant phases of hominin evolution.

1. List and compare the four subfields of anthropology.
2. Discuss the development of modern evolutionary theory.
3. Describe and explain modern human genetic variation.
4. List and compare characteristics and living members of the order primates, discuss modern primate behavior, and identify major events in primate evolution.
5. Describe the techniques of modern paleoanthropology and archaeology.
6. Identify australopith species, their distributions, and anatomical and behavioral characteristics.
7. Discuss characteristics of early members of the genus Homo.
8. Explain the geographic, anatomical, and behavioral changes seen in Homo erectus.
9. Describe the origins, distribution, and behavior of Homo heidelbergensis and Neandertals.
10. Compare and contrast models for the origins of Homo sapiens and discuss modern human cultural development worldwide.
11. Identify, through hands-on experience with artifacts, skeletal materials, and fossil casts, such materials and associate each with the relevant phases of hominin evolution.

1. Anthropology and its Subfields
   1. Cultural Anthropology
   2. Linguistic Anthropology
   3. Archaeology
   4. Biological (Physical) Anthropology
2. The Development of Evolutionary Theory
   1. Pre-Darwinian Explanations
   2. Darwin, Wallace, and Evolution by Natural Selection
   3. Genetics and Classical and Molecular Genetics
   4. Evolutionary Processes
   5. Biocultural Evolution
3. Modern Human Variation
   1. Modern Human Genetic Variation and Adaptation
   2. The Concept of Race
4. Primates
   1. Primate Characteristics and Living Primate Taxonomy
   2. Living Primate Behavior
   3. Primate Evolution and Fossil Primates
5. Paleoanthropology and Archaeology
   1. Dating Methods
   2. Fossil and Archaeological Remains
   3. Paleoanthropological and Archaeological Methods and Concepts
6. Australopiths
   1. Origins and Distribution
   2. Key species
   3. Anatomical and Behavioral Characteristics
7. Early Homo
   1. Origins and Distribution
   2. Anatomical and Behavioral Characteristics, Oldowan Culture
8. Homo erectus
   1. Origins and Dispersal
   2. Anatomical and Behavioral Characteristics, Acheulean Culture
9. Homo heidelbergensis and Neandertals
   1. Origins and Distribution
   2. Anatomical and Behavioral Characteristics, Mousterian Culture
10. Homo sapiens
    1. Competing Models for Origins and Spread
    2. Anatomical and Behavioral Characteristics,  Upper Paleolithic Cultures
    3. Later Modern Human Dispersals and Cultural Developments

ARC 110 - Buried Cities and Lost Tribes

1. Describe key concepts and terms in archaeology.
2. Identify characteristics of modern human foraging cultures.
3. Identify changes in human cultures resulting from domestication.
4. Describe characteristics of complex societies.
5. Evaluate reports of archaeological findings in the media.

1. List the subfields of anthropology
2. Define common archaeological terms, describe archaeological methods and discuss how archaeologists interpret the past.
3. Distinguish science from pseudoscience.
4. Describe the origins and spread of modern humans and foraging lifeways.
5. Describe the causes of, events associated with, and consequences of domestication of plants and animals in various parts of the world.
6. Review the development of social complexity in different parts of the world.
7. Evaluate reports of archaeological findings in the media.

1. Anthropology and its Subfields
   1. Biological (Physical) Anthropology
   2. Cultural (Sociocultural) Anthropology
   3. Linguistic Anthropology
   4. Archaeology
2. Basics of Archaeology
   1. Archaeological materials
   2. Finding and excavating archaeological sites
   3. Dating Archaeological Evidence
   4. Recognizing the Differences Between Science and Pseudoscience
3. Modern Humans
   1. Origins of Modern Humans
   2. Spread of Modern Humans
   3. Modern Human Foragers
4. Origins of Domestication
   1. Causes and Consequences of Domestication
   2. Case Studies Illustrating the Process of Domestication and Characteristics of Early Faming and Cultures and Sites
5. Development of Social Complexity, Ranked Societies, and States Around the World
   1. Development of Social Complexity, Ranked Societies, and States
   2. Case Studies from Archaeological Cultures and Sites
6. Archaeology in the Modern World
   1. Current Issues in Archaeology
   2. Archaeology and the Media

ARC 180 - Artifact Identif: Tucson Basin

1. Study the artifact collections to gain an exposure to artifact types in the Tucson Basin.
2. Identify the basic prehistoric artifact types: ceramics, flaked stone tools, ground stone tools, bone artifacts and shell ornaments.
3. Discuss the basic Tucson Basin ceramic wares.
4. Discuss the worldwide prehistoric manufacturing techniques of stone tools and ceramics.
5. Identify common historical artifacts.

1. Introduction to Artifact Types
2. Overview of Prehistoric Ceramics in the Tucson Basin
3. Ceramic Identification
4. Other Ceramic Objects
5. Flaked Stone Technology
6. Identification of Flaked Stone Artifacts
7. Classification of Flaked Stone Artifacts
8. Ground Stone Tool Identification
9. Miscellaneous Artifacts (Animal Bone, Shell, Etc.)
10. Introduction to Historical Artifacts

ARC 181 - Global Positioning Systems Basics

1. Set up GPS hardware.
2. Initialize a GPS receiver for operation.
3. Operate a GPS receiver in a field setting.
4. Electronically and manually collect and record data.
5. Transfer data to a personal computer.

1. Introduction

1. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Terminology and Concepts
2. Overview of Positioning and Locating Systems
3. Overview of the use of Longitude and Latitude and UTM Coordinate Systems

2. GPS Operation

1. Hardware Configuration
2. Data Logging
3. Data Transfer

3. Field Data

1. Overview of GPS Features
2. Electronic Recording
3. Computer Procedures for Data Transfer

4. Usage of Archaeology Centre Resources

ARC 204IN - Human Evolution: Ape Men, Cave Women and Missing Links

4 Credits, 5 Contact Hours
3 lecture periods 2 lab periods

Study of human evolution and variation. Includes human genetics and variation, the human skeleton, primate anatomy and behavior, the fossil evidence for human evolution, biocultural evolution, and application of the concepts of biological anthropology in a laboratory setting.

Information: Same as ANT 204IN .

1. Discuss biological anthropology as a subfield of anthropology.
2. Apply the concepts of biological anthropology in a laboratory setting.
3. Present the results of research in biological anthropology.

1. Explain basic genetics.
2. Apply the concepts of population genetics to the explanation of human biological variation.
3. Identify bones of the human skeleton and sources of skeletal variation.
4. Distinguish among the living non-human primates and describe variation in behavior among different species.
5. Compare and contrast australopith species and their behaviors.
6. Describe behaviors, distributions, and physical characteristics of species in the genus Homo.
7. Compare early and anatomically modern Homo sapiens.

1. Anthropology and its subfields
   1. Biological (physical) anthropology
   2. Archaeology
   3. Cultural (Sociocultural) anthropology
   4. Linguistic anthropology

2. The Principles of Evolution
3. Basic Genetics
   1. Mendelian Genetics
   2. Molecular Genetics
4. Population Genetics
   1. Forces of evolution
   2. Human variation and adaptation
5. Osteology
   1. The human skeleton
   2. Sources of skeletal variation
   3. Forensic anthropology
6. Primates
   1. Living non-human primates
   2. Primate behavior
   3. Primate evolution
7. Early Hominins
   1. Origins and distribution
   2. Species
   3. Anatomy and behavior
8. The genus Homo
   1. Origins and distribution
   2. Species
   3. Anatomy and behavior
9. Homo sapiens
   1. Early Homo sapiens
      1. Origins and distribution
      2. Anatomy and behavior
   2. Anatomically Modern Humans
      1. Origins
      2. Dispersal
      3. Anatomy and behavior

ARC 205 - Introduction to Southwestern Prehistory

1. Describe key concepts and terms in archaeology.
2. Describe foraging cultures in the Southwest.
3. Characterize and distinguish among settled village cultures in the Southwest.
4. Discuss late-prehistoric cultural changes.

1. List the four subfields of anthropology.
2. Define common archaeological terms, describe archaeological methods and discuss how archaeologists interpret the past.
3. Describe the geography and resources of the Southwest.
4. Explain current views on the arrival of Native ancestors in the New World in general and in the Southwest in particular.
5. Describe foraging lifeways in the Paleoindian and Archaic cultures.
6. Discuss the origins of farming and settled village life in the Southwest.
7. Characterize settled farming cultures of the Hohokam, Mogollon, Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi), and other cultures.
8. Discuss late prehistoric and historic cultural changes.

1. Anthropology and its Subfields
   1. Biological (physical) anthropology
   2. Cultural (Sociocultural) anthropology
   3. Linguistic anthropology
   4. Archaeology

1. Basics of Archaeology
   1. Archaeological materials
   2. Finding and excavating archaeological sites
   3. Dating archaeological materials
   4. Interpreting archaeological evidence
2. Geography and Resources of the Southwest
   1. Extent of the Southwest
   2. Environments and resources in the Southwest
3. Peopling of the New World
   1. Origins and spread of New World Peoples
   2. Earliest peoples in the Southwest
4. Paleoindian and Archaic foragers
   1. Paleoindian cultures and lifeways
   2. Archaic cultures and lifeways
   3. Origins of farming and settled village life
5. Settled village farming cultures
   1. Hohokam
      1. Location and environment
      2. Characteristics of cultural phases and changes over time
      3. Relationship to modern Native groups
   2. Mogollon
      1. Location and environment
      2. Characteristics of cultural phases and changes over time
      3. Relationship to modern Native groups
   3. Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
      1. Location and environment
      2. Characteristics of cultural phases and changes over time
      3. Relationship to modern Native groups
   4. Other Prehistoric Cultures
      1. Location and environment
      2. Characteristics of cutlural phases and changes over time
      3. Relationships to modern Native groups
6. Late Prehistoric and Historic Cultural Change
   1. Abandonments and population movements
   2. Arrival of Athabaskans
   3. Arrival and impacts of the Spanish

ARC 225 - Principles of Archaeology

1. Discuss archaeology as a subfield of anthropology.
2. Describe methods of archaeological data acquisition and analysis.
3. Give examples of archaeological approaches to the interpretation of past human behavior.
4. Identify ethical issues in archaeology.
5. Present the results of research in archaeology.

1. Discuss the historical development of the field of archaeology.
2. Describe theoretical approaches in archaeology.
3. Review methods of archaeological survey, remote sensing, and excavation.
4. Describe methods used to date archaeological materials.
5. Discuss the analysis and classification of archaeological materials.
6. Explain the role of middle-level theory in archaeology.
7. Summarize various approaches to the interpretation of archaeological data and the reconstruction of past human behavior.
8. Discuss the role of archaeology in protecting, interpreting, and managing cultural resources.

1. History of Archaeology

2. Theoretical approaches in archaeology
   1. The scientific method in archaeology
   2. Processual archaeology
   3. Post-processual archaeology
3. Method and Techniques of Archaeological Survey, Remote Sensing, and Excavation
4. Archaeological Dating Methods
5. Archaeological Analysis and Classification
   1. Analysis of archaeological materials
   2. Classification of archaeological materials
6. Middle-Level Archaeological Research
   1. Taphonomy
   2. Experimental archaeology
   3. Ethnoarchaeology
7. Interpretation of Archaeological Data and Reconstruction of Past Human Behavior
   1. Subsistence
   2. Bioarchaeology
   3. Social and political systems
   4. Ideology and symbols
   5. Cultural evolution
   6. Historical archaeology
8. Archaeology and Cultural Resources
   1. Preservation of the Archaeological Record
   2. Cultural resource management
   3. Ethical Considerations

ARC 250 - Archaeology Laboratory

1. Identify human skeletal materials.
2. List various animal bones common to archaeological sites.
3. Replicate chipped stone manufacturing techniques and conduct a preliminary analysis of stone tools.
4. Discuss multicultural techniques of prehistoric ceramic manufacture and demonstrate universal techniques for archaeological ceramic analysis.
5. Identify and compare kinds of shell and shell artifacts.
6. Identify historic archaeological artifacts.
7. Utilize collection, materials, and resources of the Archaeology Centre.

1. Human Osteology
   1. Variation and diversity
   2. Analysis methods
   3. Sex and age determination techniques
2. Zooarchaeology
   1. Analytical methods
   2. Mammal and avian bone identification
3. Lithic Analysis
   1. Stone tool production
   2. Analytical procedures and classification schemes
4. Prehistoric Ceramics
   1. Identification
   2. Classification
   3. Manufacture and production techniques
5. Shells
   1. Identification and sources
   2. Utilization
6. Historic Artifacts
7. Hands on Experience Identifying and Studying the Collections, Materials, and Resources of the Archaeology Centre

ARC 265 - Mapping Concepts

1. Discuss the fundamental concepts associated with maps.
2. Read and translate between graphic, ratio and word statement scales.
3. Determine direction on maps.
4. Read and use a variety of geographic coordinate systems.
5. Read and draw topographic contours and profiles.
6. Interpret aerial photographs.

1. Map Basics and Attributes
2. Scales and Measurements
3. Direction
4. Geographic Coordinate Systems
5. Relief and Contours
6. Aerial Photography

ARC 267 - Introduction to Geographic Information Systems

1. Produce maps using GIS data.
2. Query GIS attribute and spatial data.
3. Develop and present a GIS project using self-generated data.

1. Define a geographic information system.
2. Use both raster and vector data types.
3. Manage different data.
4. Explain database concepts.
5. Discuss geographic information systems (GIS) operations and functionality.
6. Identify and explain the function of the hardware components of a geographic information system.
7. Describe the types using ESRI software.
8. Manipulate commonly used coordinate systems and projections.
9. Use symbols and labels to display map features with attribute data.
10. Create map layouts with essential map elements.
11. Query and join database tables for use with GIS.
12. Create new GIS data by using basic editing techniques.
13. Perform both attribute and spatial queries using various selection options.
14. Develop and present a GIS project to the class.

1. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
2. GIS Data Concepts
3. Managing GIS Data
4. Coordinate Systems and Projections
5. Displaying GIS Data
6. Creating Final Maps from GIS Data
7. Using Attribute Data
8. Basic Editing for Creating Database Records
9. Attribute and Spatial Queries
10. Project

ARC 275 - Archaeological Excavation I

1. Discuss goals and ethics of archaeology.
2. Use basic archaeological field equipment and techniques.
3. Process excavated artifacts.
4. Record archaeological features.

1. Introduction to Archaeological Excavation
   1. Excavation Fundamentals
   2. Safety concerns
2. Cultural History of Southern Arizona
   1. Tucson Basin Prehistory
   2. Site visits
3. Ethics in Archaeology
   1. Principles of archaeological ethics
   2. Indigenous perspectives
4. Overview of Cultural Resource Management
   1. Major laws
   2. Jobs in archaeology
5. Excavation Methods
   1. Field mapping equipment and procedures
   2. Excavation equipment and procedures
   3. Recording, and documentation
   4. Identification and laboratory processing of artifacts
6. Excavation of Tucson Basin Archaeological Site

ARC 276 - Archaeological Surveying I

1. Employ archaeological survey methods.
2. Identify archaeological sites.
3. Produce field maps.
4. Prepare written documentation.

1. Introduction to Archaeological Survey Methods

A. Survey fundamentals

B. Safety concerns

1. Cultural History of Southern Arizona

A. Tucson Basin Prehistory

B. Site visits

1. Ethics in Archaeology

A. Principles of archaeological ethics

B. Indigenous perspectives

1. Overview of Cultural Resource Management

A. Major laws

B. Jobs in archaeology

1. Preparation for pedestrian survey

A. Planning and logistics

B. Map and aerial photo use

1. Field Skills
   1. Use of compass and GPS receiver
   2. Artifact identification
   3. Site identification
   4. Survey methods
   5. Identification of natural resources associated with archaeological sites
   6. Site recording
   7. Site mapping
2. Application of Field Techniques in the Tucson Basin

A. In-field archaeological survey

B. In-field site recording and mapping

ARC 277 - Archaeological Excavation II

1. Explain field preparation and field management procedures.
2. Use advanced archaeological field equipment and techniques.
3. Describe the opportunities and challenges of cultural resource management.
4. Synthesize field data.

1. Archaeological Excavation
   1. Advanced excavation topics
   2. Safety concerns
2. Cultural History of Southern Arizona
   1. Tucson Basin Prehistory
   2. Site visits
3. Ethics in Archaeology
   1. Principles of archaeological ethics
   2. Indigenous perspectives
4. Cultural Resource Management
   1. Major laws
   2. Opportunities and challenges
5. Excavation Methods
   1. Field preparation and logistics
   2. Advanced field mapping equipment and procedures
   3. Advanced excavation equipment and procedures
   4. Field crew supervision
   5. Data synthesis and reporting
6. Excavation of Tucson Basin Archaeological Site

ARC 278 - Archaeological Surveying II

3 Credits, 9 Contact Hours
0 lecture periods 9 lab periods

Advanced techniques and principles of archaeological surveying. Includes advanced methods for survey planning, archival research, field survey, site recording, mapping, and data synthesis, with field experience in Southern Arizona. Also includes culture history, archaeological ethics, and issues of cultural resource management. Uses museum collections, equipment, resources and facilities of the Archaeology Centre.

Prerequisite(s): ARC 276  
Recommendation: Completion of (or concurrent enrollment in): AIS 205 /ANT 205 /ARC 205  and ANT 265 /ARC 265 /GIS 265 . If any recommended course is taken, see a financial aid or Veteran’s Affairs advisor to determine funding eligibility as appropriate.
Information: Consult instructor for alternative prerequisite(s).

1. Explain field preparation and archival research procedures.
2. Use advanced archaeological field survey equipment and techniques.
3. Describe how archaeological survey relates to cultural resource management.
4. Synthesize field data.

1. Advanced Archaeological Survey
   1. Advanced survey topics
   2. Safety concerns
2. Cultural History of Southern Arizona
   1. Tucson Basin Prehistory
   2. Site visits
3. Ethics in Archaeology
   1. Principles of archaeological ethics
   2. Indigenous Perspectives
4. Cultural Resource Management
   1. Major laws
   2. Relationship of survey to overall compliance process
   3.  
5. Survey Methods

A. Field preparation and logistics

B. Archival research

C. Advanced field mapping equipment and procedures

D. Advanced site recording procedures

E. Data synthesis and map production

VI. Application of Advanced Survey Techniques in the Tucson Basin

ARC 281 - Global Positioning Systems

1. Collect, transfer and manipulate data collected in a handheld GPS.
2. Create an electronic map from data collected in a handheld GPS.
3. Operate a precision GPS receiver.
4. Differentially correct data collected by a precision GPS device.
5. Create an electronic map from data collected with precision GPS equipment.

1. Review of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) terminology and concepts
2. Overview of positioning and locating systems

1. Handheld GPS

1. Detailed hardware configuration
2. Data logging
3. Data transfer
4. Map creation

1. Precision GPS

1. Overview of precision GPS and differential correction
2. Hardware configuration
3. Electronic recording
4. Procedures for data transfer
5. Map creation

1. Resource Usage of the Archaeology Centre

ARC 284 - Computer Cartography and CAD

1. Relate the concepts associated with cartographic software.
2. Configure and operate the hardware.
3. Use the application software and associated commands.
4. Enter data from a variety of sources.
5. Assemble data and construct maps from various data sources.
6. Demonstrate skills in applying knowledge to archaeological applications.

1. Introduction
   1. Hardware Configuration
   2. The Software Environment
   3. Cartography
   4. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
   5. Graphic Portrayal Packages
   6. Desktop Mapping
   7. Cartographic Concepts and Terms
2. Methods and Techniques
   1. Program Capability
   2. Archaeological Applications
   3. Data Sources
   4. Applying Commands in CAD
   5. Data Importing and Manipulation
   6. Data Transfer and Transformation
   7. Raster and Vector Conversions
3. Application Projects
   1. Tutorial Projects: Learning Commands
   2. Tutorial Projects: Applying Commands and Concepts
   3. Digitizing Maps
   4. Thematic Maps
   5. Maps From Field Data
   6. Data and Maps From Satellite Imagery

ARC 286 - Electronic and Digital Field Mapping

1. Operate electronic surveying instruments in a field setting.
2. Collect and record data electronically and manually.
3. Demonstrate how to transfer data to desktop computers.
4. Use algorithms to transform and reduce field data.
5. Use hand held and desktop computers to analyze data.
6. Create maps from collected data.

1. Introduction
   1. Mapping Concepts With Electronic Applications
   2. Hardware Environment
   3. Software Environment
2. Instrument Operation
   1. Theodolite Review
   2. Total Station
   3. Precision Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
      1. Promark II High Resolution GPS Receiver
      2. Navigate vs. Survey Mode
      3. Field Set-Up Considerations
      4. Field Survey Modes
         1. Static
         2. Stop & Go
         3. Kinematic
      5. Differential Corrections
         1. Local Base Stations
         2. Community Base Stations
      6. Application Software and Exporting Data
3. Field Data
   1. Manual Recording
   2. Electronic Recording
   3. Field Computer Operation
4. Producing Maps
   1. Topographic Maps
   2. Planimetric Maps
   3. Data Transfer and Transformation
5. Computer Applications
   1. Software Applications
   2. Data Importing and Manipulation

ARC 295 - Field Projects

1. Identify and develop topic for investigation.
2. Identify and discuss the research process.
3. Use appropriate field methods.
4. Obtain, organize, and analyze field data.
5. Develop approach to present information obtained.

1. Orientation and Topic Selection
2. Anthropological Fieldwork
   1. History
   2. Philosophical-Ethical views
   3. Anthropological Perspective
3. Developing a Field Project
   1. Methodology
   2. Case Studies
4. Field Data
   1. Organization
   2. Collection
   3. Analysis
   4. Interpretation
5. Data Presentation and Report Preparation   

ARC 296 - Independent Studies in ARC

1. Identify a topic of interest and significance in anthropology and/or archaeology.
2. Organize the topic in a plan of research.
3. Gather, analyze, and interpret data in the topic area.
4. Present results in a scholarly format determined by student and instructor.

1. Topic Identification
   1. Define the scope
   2. Significance in the discipline
2. Research Plan
   1. Library research
   2. Internet and computer database research
   3. Other research
3. Data Gathering and Analysis
   1. Data gathering
   2. Data analysis
   3. Interpretation
4. Presentation of Results
   1. Determined by the student and instructor (can include: research paper, annotated bibliography, report, slide show presentation, etc.)
   2. Evaluation of the experience